Assignment

Introduction
Brazil is classified as a developing nation due to its Human Development Index score. Brazil is a large nation located in South America. It is well endowed with various natural resources. The Human Development Index score is determined by specific criteria including education, Life expectancy, availability of technology, availability of healthcare and income. Since 2015, Brazil has experienced a high increase in its Human Development Index score. Today, it is classified as a “high” HDI nation. This means that it is in the upper quadrant that contains the upper tier of developing nations.

Question 1
Brazil has previously experienced financial problems. The financial problems emerged due to dictatorial government and corruption. Both the IMF and World Bank interfered with the aim of reducing inflation and improving exchange rates. For a long time, the government of Brazil worked closely with the two institutions in its efforts to settle the foreign debt, but the country’s debt situation only deteriorated (Remmer, 2004). Prior to obtaining any help from the IMF and World Bank, the country had to accent to its state of affairs, which involved executing the Structural Adjustment Programs. The program involved taking measures including minimization the growth in the money supply, liberalizing its foreign exchange, eliminating subsidies, minimizing government spending and removing price controls among other measures (Chossudovsky, 2003).

The IMF and World Bank have offered various economic developments. The efforts have been criticized for neglecting the needs of the poor majority and prioritizing multinational corporations and wealthy lenders in the industrialization. In Brazil, the IMF and World Bank has intervened in domestic politics by supporting one side in the heated social debate. As a result, the institutions have interfered in the most political of decisions involving the allocation of national resources (Santiso, 2001). Hence, they have undermined Brazil’s national democracy.

Brazil has had to adhere to the conditions set by the institutions so as to sustain its economy. When Brazil liberalized its foreign market, the country recorded a considerable growth in imports. This is not healthy for the country’s advancing economy (Danaher, 1994). The significance of IMF conditions could help Brazil through access to outside markets for its agricultural products. However, Brazil still faces market barriers for its products (Mosley et al., 1995). The broad market opening affected Brazil’s trade deficit and devalued its currency. Under the guise of advancing “free trade,” financial stability and market liberalization, the two institutions have forced a reduction in education, health care, and other social services thereby increasing inequality and deepening poverty.

On the other hand, IMF and World Bank have assisted Brazil stabilizing its economy and eradicating its debt crisis. Through Washington Consensus sponsored by the two institutions, Brazil implemented a fiscal policy, aimed at development programs, reducing government salaries and cutting down public sector investment.

Question 2
For Brazil, healthcare is a priority. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state to ensure that health facilities are available and funded. Healthcare is a constitutional right in Brazil. The Health Ministry carries out national health policy while both the government and private sector are responsible for the provision of healthcare. The effects of a healthy population on the economy are clear. First, a nation with a healthy population finds it attain sustained growth. The provision of primary healthcare enables prevention of diseases for the benefit of the economy (Santiso, 2001).

Secondly, the healthcare performance is linked to economic prosperity. A healthy population can achieve better productivity. Thirdly, a healthy population has a higher life expectancy. This is necessary for economic development. Investment in healthcare is important for economic growth given that healthy workforce is more delivers consistent production. The fourth is that a healthy population reduces the burden of illnesses and costs associated with health issues. This benefits the rapid economic growth. In order to achieve these, the Brazilian government provides a universal healthcare system that allows citizens to afford private healthcare. The system is non-exclusive and accommodates everyone, including visitors (Falleti, 2010). The problem with its health care system is that a substantial amount of spending on healthcare is private.

Question 3
Brazil has faced a number of difficulties in its healthcare financing. This has been linked with low investment from the government. Despite the situation, the country does depend much on foreign aid to support the provision of healthcare to its citizens. Foreign aid is largely used for servicing its debts. The British government is a key supporter of Brazil. The country has made a substantial step towards the reduction of HIV/AIDS and has surpassed the expectations of the World Bank Brazil has emerged as a leader in the exchange of expertise and resources among developing countries. Brazil’s portfolio of domestically developed interventions, including the public production of ARVs and CCTs has positioned the country’s aid’s regime to capitalize on improving the national balance sheet. In 2015, Brazil enacted new legislation requiring international private investors to purchase and operate healthcare facilities in the nation. Investment in healthcare by foreigners has become desirable due to a reduction in value of domestic currency.

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PMP Prerequisites: Explained

Before embarking on the journey to become a Project Management Professional (PMP), it is crucial to understand and fulfill the prerequisites set forth by the Project Management Institute (PMI). The PMP certification is globally recognized and demonstrates an individual’s proficiency and competence in project management. This article outlines the prerequisites required to pursue PMP certification, ensuring that aspiring professionals are well-prepared for the process.

Educational Background
One of the primary prerequisites for PMP certification is having a solid educational background. PMI mandates that candidates possess a secondary degree (high school diploma, associate’s degree, or global equivalent) or a four-year degree (bachelor’s degree or global equivalent). This educational requirement serves as a foundation for the complex project management concepts covered in the certification exam.

Project Management Experience
In addition to educational qualifications, PMP candidates must also demonstrate substantial project management experience. The amount of required experience varies depending on the candidate’s educational background:

Secondary Degree Holders: Candidates with a secondary degree must have at least five years (60 months) of project management experience. This experience should include leading and directing projects, as well as managing project teams and stakeholders.
Four-Year Degree Holders: Those with a four-year degree need to have accumulated a minimum of three years (36 months) of project management experience. Similar to secondary degree holders, this experience should encompass various aspects of project management, from initiation to closure.
Project Management Education
In addition to practical experience, PMI also emphasizes the importance of formal project management education. Candidates are required to complete 35 hours of project management education before applying for the PMP exam. This educational component aims to provide candidates with a comprehensive understanding of project management principles, methodologies, and best practices.

PMP Exam Preparation
Once the prerequisites have been met, candidates can proceed with exam preparation. The PMP certification exam assesses a candidate’s knowledge and understanding of project management concepts across five domains:

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing
Candidates must thoroughly study the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide, which serves as the primary reference for the exam. Additionally, various PMP exam prep courses, study guides, and practice exams are available to help candidates prepare effectively.

Application Process
After completing the necessary education and gaining the required project management experience, candidates can submit their application for the PMP exam. The application requires detailed information about the candidate’s educational background, project management experience, and project management education.

Audit Process
Upon submission of the application, candidates may be randomly selected for an audit. During the audit process, candidates are required to provide documentation, such as project summaries and proof of project management education. It is essential to maintain accurate records of project management experience and education to expedite the audit process, if selected.

Exam Administration
Once the application is approved, candidates receive an authorization to schedule (ATS) email from PMI, allowing them to schedule their exam appointment. The PMP exam is administered at designated Prometric testing centers worldwide. It consists of 180 multiple-choice questions and has a duration of four hours.

Continuing Education
Obtaining PMP certification is not the end of the journey; it is the beginning of a commitment to continuous professional development. PMP credential holders are required to earn 60 professional development units (PDUs) every three years to maintain their certification. PDUs can be earned through various activities, such as attending workshops, webinars, and conferences, as well as engaging in project management-related activities.

In conclusion, meeting the prerequisites for PMP certification involves a blend of educational qualifications, project management experience, and formal education in project management. By fulfilling these requirements and successfully passing the PMP exam, individuals can demonstrate their proficiency and commitment to the field. Continuous learning and professional development are crucial for maintaining PMP certification and staying updated on evolving industry trends and practices, including undergoing PMP training.